Even more decisive for the meaning of Ephesians 5:19 are the Old Testament parallels: psallo en plus an instrument in certain passages in the Psalms (1 Sam. 16:16; Ps. 33:2; 71:22; 98:5; 144:9; 147:7; 149:3) meant to make melody “on the instrument named” to the Lord. According to these parallels, if Paul has thought of psallo in the broader sense of “make melody” or even “play,” then he has specified the instrument on which the melody is to be made, namely the heart. These Old Testament parallels
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